Final answer:
The 15th Amendment guaranteed voting rights regardless of race, color, or previous servitude, but Southern states exploited loopholes with restrictive laws, hindering African American suffrage.
Step-by-step explanation:
The 15th Amendment was ratified in 1870 to ensure that no citizen could be denied the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Despite this, the amendment had loopholes that were exploited, particularly in Southern states. As a result, local laws such as literacy tests, poll taxes, and other discriminatory methods were enacted to circumvent the amendment's intent, making it difficult for African Americans to exercise their voting rights.