Question

Professors and other researchers use scholarly journals to publish the results of their research. However, only a small minority of the submitted papers is accepted for publication by the most prestigious journals. In many academic fields, there is a debate as to whether submitted papers written by women are treated as well as those submitted by men. In the January 1994 issue of European Science Editing,† there was a report on a study that examined this question.

Similarly, no bias was found to exist at MAMA lournal of the American Medical Association in acceptance rates based on the gender of the corresponding author and the assigned editor. In the sample of 1.851 artides condered in this study female editors used female reviewers more often than did male editors (P<0.001) That quote actually contains the results of two separate hypothesis tests. Explain what the two sets of hypotheses tested are and what you can conclude about the p-value for each set.
A. One set of wypotheses concerns whether female editors chose females to review the papers more often than the alternative or the same amount as the null did male editors. The p value for that test was reported to be less than 0.001.
B. One set of hypotheses concerns whether acceptance rates are lower (the alternative) or equivalent the nut when the author or editoriale. The value for that test was apparently above 0.05.
C. One set of hypotheses concerns whether acceptance rates are lower (the alternative) or equivalent (the null) when the author or editor is female. The p-value for that test was apparently above 0.05.
D. One set of hypotheses concerns whether female editors chose females to review the papers less often than the alternative) or the same amount as the null) did male editors. The p-value for that test was reported to be less than 0.001.

Answer 1

The right options are C and D.

Explanation:

One test refers to the claim that there is bias in the acceptance rate based on gender. In this case, the alternative hypothesis would claim that there is a significant difference in proportions in acceptance rate for both genders. The null hypothesis failed to be rejected, so the P-value has to be more than the significance level.

C. One set of hypotheses concerns whether acceptance rates are lower (the alternative) or equivalent (the null) when the author or editor is female. The p-value for that test was apparently above 0.05.

The other test is referred to the preference in gender to choose reviewers. The alternative hypothesis claim that female editors used female reviewers more often than did male editors. This has a P-value<0.001.

D. One set of hypotheses concerns whether female editors chose females to review the papers less often than the alternative) or the same amount as the null) did male editors. The p-value for that test was reported to be less than 0.001.