Final answer:
Traditional American interpretations of gender roles have been both supported and criticized for shaping societal norms. Studies like Sanday's show alternative societal structures where cooperative gender relations thrive. Movements and literature often reflect the cultural tug-of-war between traditional and modern gender expectations.
Step-by-step explanation:
The conversation around traditional American interpretations of femininity and masculinity has been complex and multifaceted, influencing the nation's culture in various ways. For some, the traditional gender roles, where femininity is equated with caregiving and servitude, and masculinity with strength and provision, were believed to be the ideal measurements for behavior and success. However, these traditional norms have been increasingly challenged and critiqued for being restrictive and not reflective of the ideal person or society.
Sanday's study suggests that in societies such as the Minangkabau in Indonesia, considered by some as matriarchies, men and women work cooperatively instead of competing based on whether a job is considered feminine or masculine. This contrasts with the U.S. context, where jobs or behaviors are often rigidly categorized by gender roles, and may contribute to a 'bifurcated consciousness' for women who feel divided between professional ambitions and societal expectations.
Throughout history, conservatives have attempted to maintain traditional gender-based divisions of labor, symbolized by movements and books such as Helen Andelin's Fascinating Womanhood, which argued for a return to what was perceived as the 'ideal family' arrangement. These views reflect a struggle between traditional and modern societal and cultural standards, with the feminist movement often positioned in stark contrast to these traditional norms.