Final answer:
Zoroastrianism and Judaism share an emphasis on good and evil, individual moral responsibility, and the role of cosmic dualism. They both advocate for a singular divine being and imply that human actions contribute to the outcome of the struggle between good and evil forces. The correct answer is d. emphasis on good and evil.
Step-by-step explanation:
Zoroastrianism and Judaism share several common elements throughout history, particularly concepts around monotheism and the delineation of good and evil. Both religions focus on the belief in a singular, all-powerful deity; for Zoroastrianism, it is Ahura Mazda or Lord Wisdom, and for Judaism, it is God, often referred to as Yahweh in other contexts but not in direct relation to Zoroastrian beliefs. They place a strong emphasis on moral responsibility and the actions of individuals in contributing to the fight against evil. Zoroastrianism, often considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions, has had a significant influence on other major monotheistic faiths, including Judaism and subsequently Christianity, with concepts like the final judgment, the role of evil in the world, and the afterlife.
Notably, Zoroastrianism introduced the world to the idea that people are equals before God and that salvation is attainable for all believers. The presence of an evil force as an opponent to a wholly good and omnipotent deity is paralleled in Judaism and later, Christianity, with the development of the concept of Satan, whose origins can be closely tied to the Zoroastrian figure Ahriman. The concept of a cosmic dualism with a force of good in constant struggle against a force of evil is another key aspect where Zoroastrianism and Judaism intersect.
In summary, the answer to the student's question is d. emphasis on good and evil. This encompasses the dualistic view of the world and the importance of individual actions and morality in both Zoroastrianism and Judaism, which is a foundational element of both faiths and contrasts starkly with polytheism. The association with Osiris or the worship of Yahweh and unoriginal sin is not a shared characteristic between these two religions.