Hey there! I'm happy to help!
There are a few elements I can think of. In no particular order,
1. HARMONY/PROGRESSION/DIRECTION
2. RHYTHM
3. TONE/INSTRUMENTS USED/ARTICULATION
4. DYNAMICS/VOLUME
5. TEMPO
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1. HARMONY/PROGRESSION/DIRECTION
If you think about a harmonic progression, having something like a dominant seven leading you to a tonic can be very energetic. Like a great buildup. This is similar to the direction of a melody if it goes up and then down. Or down very quickly! The direction of the notes and the different harmonic progression used can heavily influence the energy in music.
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2. RHYTHM
Having a dotted rhythm can make a piece sound more energetic, like being dragged along between notes. Having repeated notes and complex rhythms can make a piece move along in a different and unique way, ultimately bringing more energy. Having a very simple rhythm with basic whole notes, half notes, and quarter notes might not carry the same energy as something that is syncopated, has sixteenth and thirty-second notes, has tenutos, etc.
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3. TONE/INSTRUMENTS USED/ARTICULATION
This idea can be expressed in different ways among different musicians. I am a pianist so I think of this as tone or articulation. Are the notes softly connected or are they brash and sharp? In an orchestral or instrumental piece adding something like a drum or a bass guitar or tuba can add a different sound even though you are playing the same note. Playing a note on a triangle will have a much different energy than on a trombone.
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4. DYNAMICS/VOLUME
If you play something super loud, it has a lot more energy than if you play it quietly. If you play something and gradually increase or decrease the volume, and can give off the effect of growing into something epic or melting away into something calm. These all have very different and unique energetic effects.
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5. TEMPO
When things are fast, they naturally have more energy. Even if something is quiet, it can still have lots of energy if it is very quick and speedy. Energy goes hand in hand with movement, so something like a fast rap will have a lot more energy than a slow ballad.
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Have a wonderful day and keep on learning! :D