Question

Question 26:

Answer each of the following questions clearly and concisely.
1. Compare and discuss how cells store energy and release energy using ATP. Be specific!





2. Compare lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation by describing what pyruvic acid is changed into. Be sure to include what type of organism each one takes place in.

What is pyruvic acid changed into? Organism:
Alcoholic Fermentation


Lactic Acid Fermentation




3. Name the three processes of aerobic cellular respiration. What is the total ATP produced from one glucose?

3 Processes of Cellular Respiration:














4. Name the two stages of photosynthesis and list the starting molecule(s) and ending molecule(s) of each.

Stages Starting Molecule(s) Product(s)






5. What is the general chemical equation of photosynthesis?




6. When and why does our body use lactic acid fermentation?



7. Explain how the equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration compare.





Question 27:
Critical Reading
Read these passages from the text and answer the questions that follow.
Fermentation
An important way of making ATP without oxygen is called fermentation. It involves glycolysis but not the other two stages of aerobic respiration. Many bacteria and yeasts carry out fermentation. People use these organisms to make yogurt, bread, wine, and biofuels. Human muscle cells also use fermentation. This occurs when muscle cells cannot get oxygen fast enough to meet their energy needs through aerobic respiration. There are two types of fermentation: lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. Both types are described below.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvic acid from glycolysis changes to lactic acid. In the process, NAD+ forms from NADH. NAD+, in turn, lets glycolysis continue. This results in additional molecules of ATP. This type of fermentation is carried out by the bacteria in yogurt. It is also used by your muscle cells when you work them hard and fast.
Did you ever run a race and notice that your muscles feel tired and sore afterward? This is because your muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation for energy. This causes lactic acid to build up in the muscles. It is the buildup of lactic acid that makes the muscles feel tired and sore.

Alcoholic Fermentation
In alcoholic fermentation, pyruvic acid changes to alcohol and carbon dioxide. NAD+ also forms from NADH, allowing glycolysis to continue making ATP. This type of fermentation is carried out by yeasts and some bacteria. It is used to make bread, wine, and biofuels.

Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and NAD+. The NAD+ allows glycolysis to continue making ATP.
Have your parents ever put corn in the gas tank of their car? They did if they used gas-containing ethanol. Ethanol is produced by the alcoholic fermentation of glucose in corn or other plants. This type of fermentation also explains why bread dough rises. Yeasts in bread dough use alcoholic fermentation and produce carbon dioxide gas. The gas forms bubbles in the dough, which causes the dough to expand. The bubbles also leave small holes in the bread after it bakes, making the bread light and fluffy.

Questions
1. What is fermentation?



2. Why is NAD+ so important in fermentation?




3. Both lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation begin with the same molecule. What is that molecule and where did it come from?



4. Why is bread light and fluffy?




5. Why do your muscles get sore after intense activity?

Answer 1

(1) The energy is stored in the 2nd and 3rd phosphate bonds of ATP. When the 2nd and 3rd phosphate link breaks, energy is released, turning ATP to ADP. A third phosphate is added to ADP to convert it to ATP and store energy.

(2) Alcoholic fermentation takes place in yeast and results in the production of ethyl alchol from pyruvate.
Lactic acid fermentation takes place in animals and results in the production of lactic acid from pyruvate.
Neither of these processes will be slowed or stopped if there is no oxygen present.

(3) Glycolysis= 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle= 2 ATP
Electron Transport Chain= 32 ATP
Total ATP= 36 ATP

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain

(4) Stage 1 is referred to as the light-dependent reaction stage.
6H2O and sunlight are the starting molecules.
ATP and NADPH are the last molecules (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)

Cycle of Calvin.
6CO2 with ADP (Adenosine diphosphate)

(5) In this case, when 6 atoms of Carbon and 12 atoms of water are mixed together, the plant gets glucose, 6 atoms of water, and 6 atoms of oxygen out of it.

(6) Why? In the absence of Lactic acid fermentation, our bodies would be unable to perform many activities, including allowing our muscles to continue creating ATP from glucose when oxygen levels are low or during severe activity, as well as allowing bacteria to carry out its functions in our bodies.
When? When our cells want energy, they break down basic chemicals such as glycolysis in order to produce it.

(7) Photosynthesis is the process through which carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen. During the process of respiration, glucose and oxygen are exchanged for carbon dioxide and water. glucose (C6H12O6) combined with oxygen (O2) yields CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) with water (H2O) and ATP energy.

(1) During the fermentation process, an organism turns a carbohydrate into either alcohol or acid, which is carried out in the absence of oxygen.

(2) Because glycolysis is dependent on it, glycolysis also recycles it in order to allow it to enter glycolysis.

(3) Glycolysis and pyruvate

(4) When yeast rises, air bubbles are created.

(5) Lactic acid builds up in muscles after strenuous exercise, making them sore.