Final answer:
The Mamluks, Mongols, and Mughals all conquered territory for Islam in the Indian subcontinent, which is the correct answer among the options provided.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Mamluks, Mongols, and Mughals all played significant roles in spreading Islam through conquests, but each did so in different regions. When analyzing the regions mentioned in this question, the Indian subcontinent is the correct answer as the primary region where all three - Mamluks, Mongols, and Mughals - exerted their influence and expanded territory for Islam.
The Mamluks were based in Egypt but interacted with the Mongol and Mughal powers on their eastern frontiers. The Mongols, under different leaders and across various periods, conquered lands stretching into Central and South Asia, including parts of the Indian subcontinent. Lastly, the Mughals, who spoke a Turkic language and were Central Asian in origin, established an empire in northern India, where Indian traditions mixed richly with Islamic influences brought by these Muslim conquerors.
While the Mamluks primarily reigned in Egypt and the near East, and their domain did not extend as far as the Indian subcontinent, the term here can refer broadly to Islamic rulers that emerged from the same tradition, overlapping with the Mongol and Mughal periods of conquest. The Mongols transformed the political landscape in many areas, including Anatolia and central Asia, but their influence also reached into the Indian subcontinent. The Mughals, originating from the same nomadic traditions as the Mongols, founded a strong Islamic empire in India that lasted until the British colonial period.
Therefore, neither the Iberian Peninsula, Anatolia, nor the Italian Peninsula meet the criteria for the consolidation of territory by Mamluks, Mongols, and Mughals for Islam as much as the Indian subcontinent does.