Carl, lab manager for MedEx Pharmaceuticals, told his research chemist, "Mandy, you have my blessing to use company equipment on evenings and weekends to create new products and processes of your own choosing and initiative. I know that this will result in some lost time, but I also know that it will contribute to learning and, ultimately, some profitable innovations." Carl's advice to Mandy is an example of a. Empowerment b. Micromanagement c. Cost-cutting d. Employee discipline