Final answer:
Accommodation for near vision involves the increase in lens curvature, pupil constriction, and eye convergence; therefore, all the mentioned options are correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
Accommodation for near vision necessitates an increase in the curvature of the lens, constriction of the pupils, and convergence of the two eyes. To be more precise:
- a. An increase in the curvature of the lens makes the lens more converging and thus increases its optical power to focus on closer objects.
- b. Constriction of the pupils helps to increase the depth of focus and also reduces the amount of light entering the eye, enhancing the ability to see detail at close range.
- c. Convergence of the two eyes allows both eyes to focus on the same point, providing a single, three-dimensional image.
Therefore, the correct answer is d. all of the above.