Final answer:
A wine bottle can break when a cork is pounded into it without any air because liquids are incompressible, transmitting the force through the liquid, which can shatter the glass. With air present, it cushions the impact, protecting the bottle. The extra force exerted on the jug's bottom can be calculated using the varying areas of the cork and jug's base.
Step-by-step explanation:
When a cork is pounded into a wine bottle that's completely filled with liquid, the bottle can break because liquids are incompressible. The force exerted by pounding the cork is transmitted directly through the liquid, causing a high-pressure wave that can fracture the glass.
However, if there is air between the cork and liquid, the cushioning effect of the compressible air absorbs the force, preventing the bottle from breaking.
In the scenario where the host pounds a cork with a 120-N force into a jug directly in contact with wine, the area of the cork and the jug's base are important in calculating the extra force exerted on the jug's bottom. Using the formula for force exerted over an area F = p*A (where p is the pressure and A is the area), we can determine the extra force based on the difference in the cross-sectional areas of the cork and the jug's base.