Final answer:
Augustus, the Roman emperor, created new laws to encourage marriage and having children to promote social stability and the continuation of the Roman state.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Roman emperor who created new laws to encourage marriage and having children was d. Augustus. During his reign from 27 BCE to 14 CE, Augustus enacted numerous moral laws that aimed to encourage proper Roman marriage and childbearing. These included regulations against adultery and incentives for families to have multiple children. Such measures were designed to ensure social stability and the continuation of the Roman state, as well as to promote a public image of moral propriety.
In attempting to strengthen the moral fabric of Roman society, Augustus passed legislation that assigned legal penalties for not having children and offered privileges to those who produced offspring. This was particularly important in Roman culture because a person's reputation and social standing were closely tied to familial achievements, including producing heirs. To ensure the stability of the upper class, fathers with three or more children who survived to adulthood and had their own children gained extra privileges, such as exemption from mandatory public service.