Final answer:
The answer to the question is E) none of the answers is correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
The answer to the question 'All of the following substances are effective against nonenveloped viruses EXCEPT...' is E) none of the answers is correct.
Ozone, ethylene oxide, alcohol, and chlorine are all effective against nonenveloped viruses.
Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent that can inactivate nonenveloped viruses. Ethylene oxide is a gas sterilant that can permeate heat-sensitive materials.
Alcohol, especially at a concentration of around 70%, denatures proteins in viruses and disrupts their cell membranes.
Chlorine, in the form of hypochlorite or chlorine dioxide, can deactivate nonenveloped viruses.