Final answer:
The hepatic portal system is responsible for transporting nutrient-rich blood from the abdominal viscera to the liver for processing before rejoining systemic circulation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The circulatory system component that collects blood from portions of the abdominal viscera and transports it to the liver is known as the hepatic portal system. This venous system begins in the capillaries of the stomach, intestines, and spleen, and continues through the hepatic portal vein to enter the liver. Inside the liver, this blood - rich in nutrients absorbed from the digestive process - is processed, with the liver removing certain wastes and storing excess nutrients. The hepatic veins then carry the processed blood to the inferior vena cava, re-entering systemic circulation to be distributed throughout the body. It's a critical system that shows how closely the digestive and circulatory systems are linked, especially during intense digestion periods when a significant portion of the cardiac output is directed towards the intestinal arteries.