Final answer:
The sequence in bacterial mRNA that recruits the translation machinery is called the Shine-Dalgarno sequence, located upstream of the first AUG codon, specifically AGGAGG in E. coli, important for the 30S ribosomal subunit's binding. Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) provides energy for translation. Eukaryotic mRNA uses a 7-methylguanosine cap and Kozak's rules to initiate translation.
Step-by-step explanation:
In bacteria, a short sequence in the mRNA provides a location that recruits the machinery to start translation. This sequence is called the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. Specifically, in E. coli mRNA, the Shine-Dalgarno sequence (AGGAGG) is found upstream of the first AUG codon and plays a critical role in the initiation of protein synthesis. It interacts with the rRNA molecules that compose the 30S ribosomal subunit, allowing it to anchor at the correct location on the mRNA template. Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) serves as an energy source during translation, both at the start of elongation and during the translocation of the ribosome.
In contrast to prokaryotes, eukaryotic mRNAs rely on a different mechanism involving a 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' end of the mRNA and Kozak's rules to determine the correct start codon. The sequence near the start codon on eukaryotic mRNA greatly influences the efficiency of translation initiation.