Final answer:
Companies that write, administer, and grade licensing exams typically do not have codes of ethics, while technical societies, national professional societies, and state professional societies often have codes of ethics for engineers.
Step-by-step explanation:
d) companies that write, administer, and grade licensing exams typically do not have codes of ethics for engineers. These companies are responsible for the licensing process, which tests the technical knowledge and skills of engineers, but do not have their own codes of ethics. On the other hand, a) technical societies, b) national professional societies, and c) state professional societies often have codes of ethics for engineers in order to establish and maintain professional standards and ethical behaviors in the field of engineering.