Final answer:
Half-timbered refers to a method of construction where the timber framework of a building is exposed on the exterior, a style prevalent in medieval European architecture. The stave churches of Norway are classic examples of half-timbered structures, embodying Norse Timber Architecture.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term 'half-timbered' refers to c) A method of framing buildings where the timber framework is exposed on the exterior. This building style is characterized by having a wooden frame with the spaces between the timbers filled with plaster, brick, or stone.
It was especially popular in medieval Europe and can be prominently seen in Norse Timber Architecture where two distinct wood building traditions influenced Norwegian architecture: one using horizontal logs and the other the stave building tradition leading to the construction of stave churches. The stave churches are prime examples of this timber framing technique and served as significant spiritual centers during the medieval times.
Only a small number of these churches remain, showcasing the pier-and-beam construction and sometimes featuring walls filled with a blend called bousillage, resembling the wattle and daub technique. Moreover, such structures often have distinct architectural elements like gables and tracery, which contribute to their medieval charm and functionality.