Final answer:
Spot treatment involves applying a pesticide in localized areas where pests gather, managing the pest rather than eradicating them, and restricting treatment areas to limit effects on the environment.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question 'Spot treatment involves' can be answered as D. All of the above. Spot treatment refers to the application of pesticides in a specific and localized area where pests are present. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) stresses that pesticides should be used as a "last resort". When used, it’s crucial they are selected and applied to minimize environmental disruption. This often includes using products that are non-persistent and targeting small, specific areas where pests gather.
The idea is to manage pests by keeping them below economically damaging levels, rely on non-chemical measures, and, when necessary, use pesticides in a way that minimizes adverse effects on beneficial organisms, humans, and the environment. This is achieved by applying pesticides directly on parts of plants, such as the stems, instead of spraying the entire field.