Final answer:
Intubation can lead to complications such as damage to mouth or throat, laryngospasm, and tube misplacement. Once the tracheal tube is in place, risks include tracheal injury, pneumonia, sinus infections, and discomfort. Extubation risks include aspiration, laryngeal edema, and airway obstruction, with sore throat or hoarseness following the procedure.
Step-by-step explanation:
Intubation is an essential medical procedure often used during surgeries and emergencies to maintain an open airway. However, it can be associated with several complications. During intubation, common complications include damage to teeth or soft tissues of the mouth or throat, laryngospasm (spasm of the vocal cords), and misplacement of the tube resulting in inadequate ventilation.
While a tracheal tube is in place, complications may involve tracheal injury or stenosis (narrowing of the trachea), ventilator-associated pneumonia, and sinus infections. The impact on patient's comfort and communication can also be a significant concern.
During extubation, which is the removal of the tube, complications such as aspiration of stomach contents, laryngeal edema (swelling), and airway obstruction may occur, particularly if the extubation is premature or the patient has not fully recovered from anesthesia. Post-extubation, issues such as sore throat or hoarseness are common but tend to resolve with time.