Final Answer:
Infections that begin in the hospital are termed "nosocomial." (option 4)
Step-by-step explanation:
Nosocomial infections are those acquired by patients while receiving treatment within a healthcare facility, such as hospitals, nursing homes, or clinics. These infections develop after 48 hours or more following admission, or within 30 days after discharge, and were not present or incubating at the time of admission. They can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms. Factors contributing to nosocomial infections include weakened immune systems, invasive procedures, prolonged hospital stays, and improper hygiene practices.
Nosocomial infections can arise from various sources within healthcare settings, including contaminated medical equipment, improper sterilization or disinfection, poor hand hygiene among healthcare workers, and transmission from other infected patients. Common types of nosocomial infections include urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, bloodstream infections, and pneumonia.
Preventing nosocomial infections requires strict adherence to infection control protocols, including proper sanitation, hand hygiene, appropriate use of personal protective equipment, and surveillance for potential outbreaks. Additionally, implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs helps in reducing the overuse or misuse of antibiotics, which can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.