Final answer:
Adolescent parenthood is primarily associated with long-term economic disadvantage, as young parents often face increased challenges in coping with new parenthood and achieving financial stability. Teenage mothers, in particular, have a higher risk of child abuse, and family dynamics further compound these issues.
Step-by-step explanation:
Adolescent parenthood is associated with several challenges and potential disadvantages. One significant association with teenage parenthood is a long-term economic disadvantage. Young parents, especially teenage mothers, are typically less capable of coping with the stresses that come with being a new parent. Studies have found that teenage mothers are more likely to abuse their children than older mothers. This risk of abuse decreases as the mother's age increases. Additionally, children born to mothers aged fifteen or younger have a higher risk of being abused or neglected by the age of five compared to children born to mothers aged twenty to twenty-one.
The economic demands and societal changes have also led to shifts in family dynamics and structures. For example, changes in the workforce require higher levels of education, prolonging the period before young adults can achieve financial independence and start families. These shifts have significant implications for adolescent parents who may already be at an economic disadvantage.
Therefore, the correct answer to the student's question is that adolescent parenthood is associated with a long-term economic disadvantage. Option 'a' is the most accurate in describing the long-term impact of adolescent parenthood, considering the challenges and stresses that young parents face.