Final answer:
Pigmented art materials such as crayons, pastels, and chalk combine pigments with a binder, most commonly a waxy or greasy substance for crayons and pastels, or clay for chalk, to maintain form and facilitate application. The correct option is e.
Step-by-step explanation:
Sticks of chalk, pastel, and crayon are all art mediums that involve combining pigments with a binder. This binder is essential for holding the pigment together in a solid form, enabling the artist to handle and apply the color to a surface.
In crayons and pastels, the binder is typically a waxy or greasy substance, allowing the pigments to be compressed into stick forms which makes them easier to use. For example, crayons use a combination of wax and oil as binders to create their consistency, whereas pastels include binders that may vary to achieve different results.
Although chalk is similar to pastels in that both contain pigments for color, the binders may differ slightly. Chalk often includes clay as a binder, especially when it’s derived from natural sources like limestone, which is then compacted into familiar cylindrical shapes.
For instance, red chalk like that used by Michelangelo would have contained iron oxide mixed with clay. Modern manufactured pastels use a standard binder determined by the manufacturing process, which was developed in the 17th century.
Hence, Option e is correct.