Final answer:
The correct answer is C) Inquiry, which refers to the methodical process used to discover new knowledge, prominently featuring the scientific method, hypothesis testing, and a cycle of deductive and inductive reasoning.
Step-by-step explanation:
Scientific Methods and Discovery
The process to discover new knowledge or new evidence using disciplined methods is known as C) Inquiry. Inquiry involves several steps commonly associated with the scientific method, which is a systematic way to explore questions and seek verifiable conclusions. This method includes the development of a hypothesis, conducting controlled experiments or observational studies, collecting and organizing data, and then testing the hypothesis by experiment. If the results do not align with the hypothesis, it may be necessary to reject the old hypothesis and formulate a new one, repeating the process in a cyclical fashion. Scientific knowledge thus progresses through the interplay of deductive and inductive reasoning, from hypothesis formulation to hypothesis testing, and back again to new hypotheses based on observations.