Final answer:
The relationship between a leader and outgroup members is characterized by 'D. Increased latitude between members; limited exchange of information between members,' reflecting a more formal interaction and less personal communication due to a broader social distance between the parties.
Step-by-step explanation:
The relationship between a leader and members of his or her outgroup is often characterized by limited interaction and information exchange. The correct answer to the question presented would be 'D. Increased latitude between members; limited exchange of information between members.' This means that there is a broader psychological or social distance ('increased latitude') between the leader and the outgroup members, which typically results in a more formal and less personal interaction, and as such, there is a 'limited exchange of information' as well. This dynamic can potentially create challenges in achieving cohesive team performance and effective communication.
Based on research on follower characteristics and individual needs for leadership, it's understood that not all followers require the same level of interaction with their leaders. For example, individuals who are more extroverted or those with a higher need for leadership might benefit from a closer, more interactive relationship. Conversely, more autonomous employees may prefer a leader who offers less direct oversight. It's important for leaders to recognize these differing needs and adjust their style accordingly in order to foster healthy leader-follower relationships.