Final answer:
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors like acetazolamide work by inhibiting the enzyme in the ciliary body to decrease bicarbonate ion formation and aqueous humor production, which in turn lowers intraocular pressure.
Step-by-step explanation:
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors lower intraocular pressure (IOP) by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary body, reducing the formation of bicarbonate ions, and consequently decreasing the production of aqueous humor. The reaction involved, which uses carbonic anhydrase, normally facilitates the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid. This then dissociates into bicarbonate (HCO3^-) and hydrogen (H^+) ions. When carbonic anhydrase is inhibited, this process slows down, leading to reduced secretion of bicarbonate ions into the eye's anterior chamber and subsequently decreased aqueous humor formation.
Acetazolamide is an example of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used for this purpose. By inhibiting the enzyme, there is also a decrease in sodium and fluid reabsorption in the renal system, which not only helps lower IOP but also has a diuretic effect, promoting the excretion of water through urine.