Final answer:
Researchers have studied the genetic impacts on criminality by examining family history, social bonds, genetic predispositions like the MAOA gene, the effects of neighborhood ecology, and factors such as economic status and educational background.
Step-by-step explanation:
Researchers have examined the possible genetic influence on criminality by studying family history, among other factors. This concept is backed by studies such as those by Todd and Jury (1996), which found that children with parents convicted of a crime were more likely to engage in similar behaviors, but even more, that this pattern persisted despite socioeconomic factors. Control theory, put forth by Travis Hirschi, highlights the idea that strong social bonds within a society can prevent deviance and criminal behavior. Further research into genetic predispositions to aggression, such as the MAOA gene located on the X chromosome, has contributed to the understanding of the possible biological bases of criminal behaviors.
Social Disorganization Theory emphasizes that the geographical area is also crucial, where disadvantaged neighborhoods are often linked to higher rates of criminal behavior. Rising insights from Social Disorganization Theory and cost-benefit analysis also illustrate how economic and educational opportunities, or the lack thereof, influence crime rates. This collection of sociological and genetic studies demonstrates a multifaceted approach to the question of what influences criminal behavior.