Final answer:
A gene is the sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and determines a trait. Alleles, passed from parents to offspring, are different versions of these genes. DNA's role in protein synthesis and trait determination aligns with the principles of the Central Dogma of molecular biology.
Step-by-step explanation:
The sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait is called a gene. The factor that is passed from parent to offspring are alleles, which are different versions of a gene.
During the process of transcription, the genetic code in the DNA is passed on to the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. The mRNA serves as a template to translate the genetic code into proteins through the process of translation. Transcription results in an mRNA molecule that's complementary to the DNA template strand.
For example, if the DNA template strand sequence is TTAAACGGCCTA, the mRNA sequence transcribed from it would be AAUUUGCCGGAU. This mRNA sequence will eventually determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
In line with the Central Dogma of molecular biology, it's understood that DNA dictates the structure of proteins, which in turn influences the function and traits of an organism. Depending on the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA, different proteins with specific functions are produced, determining such traits.
DNA serves multiple functions; it encodes genetic information critical for the synthesis of proteins and is passed from one generation to the next, ensuring that genetic information is inherited.