Final answer:
Iran and Pakistan are two modern nations where the government is based on Sharia, Islamic religious law. Iran is a notable example of a state with Shia Islam as its official religion, while Pakistan tries to balance Sharia with democratic reforms.
Step-by-step explanation:
Two modern nations that have their government based on Sharia, or Islamic religious law, include Iran and Pakistan. Iran, being a significant example of an Islamic religious state, officially follows Shia Islam and has declared it to be the state religion since the early 16th century. Pakistan also operates under a framework influenced by Sharia law, however, it has been attempting to incorporate democratic reforms alongside its religious foundations.