Final answer:
Brown urine excreted during conditions causing muscle cell lysis is called myoglobinuria (option a). This occurs when myoglobin from damaged muscles enters the bloodstream, is filtered by the kidneys, and results in the brown color of urine, an indicator of conditions like rhabdomyolysis.
Step-by-step explanation:
The urine that is brown and excreted during conditions that cause muscle cell lysis is referred to as myoglobinuria. Myoglobinuria occurs when muscle cells break down, releasing myoglobin into the bloodstream. Myoglobin is a muscle protein that, when present in large quantities in the blood, can cause the urine to turn brown. It is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in the urine, which may lead to the brown coloration. Conditions such as rhabdomyolysis, which involves rapid muscle breakdown, can result in myoglobinuria.
The brown urine is not to be confused with hematuria, which is the presence of red blood cells in the urine, or hemoglobinuria, which involves the presence of hemoglobin in the urine without the red blood cells, often seen in conditions such as malaria, kala-azar, or typhoid. Anuria refers to a condition where urine output is extremely low or absent, and is classified under severe acute kidney damage or failure. In contrast, myoglobinuria specifically indicates the presence of myoglobin in the urine due to muscle damage.