Final answer:
The brain chemical most associated with feelings of bonded-ness and connection is Oxytocin, often called the "love hormone". For the neurochemical effect of dopamine binding, cAMP levels increase within the neuron. Before phosphorylation of tyrosine residues by insulin, the hormone binds to its receptor, activating kinase activity. The correct option is (C)
Step-by-step explanation:
The brain chemical most associated with feelings of bonded-ness and connection is C: Oxytocin. Oxytocin is a hormone and a neurotransmitter that is involved in childbirth and lactation, as well as in the formation of social bonds and the modulation of social behavior. It is often referred to as the "love hormone" because it is released when people snuggle up or bond socially, including during hugging and sexual intimacy, and it fosters a sense of connectedness between individuals.
Regarding the additional question about the neurochemical effects of dopamine, when dopamine binds to its receptors, which are G-protein-linked receptors, the concentration of b. cAMP (cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate) is expected to increase within the neuron. The binding of dopamine causes a signal transduction cascade that results in the production of cAMP, an important second messenger involved in many biological processes.
Insulin, which is hormonally unrelated to the feelings of bonded-ness, initiates its cellular effect by binding to a receptor tyrosine kinase on the surface of target cells. Before the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues, which is a key step in the action of this hormone, the binding of insulin to its receptor induces a conformational change that activates the receptor's intrinsic kinase activity, leading to the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues.