Final answer:
Biological psychology encompasses the study of all aspects mentioned: the fight-or-flight response, heart rate and breathing, and the human brain, as they are all integral to how our biology influences our behavior.
Step-by-step explanation:
Biological psychology includes the study of the human brain, physiological responses such as the fight-or-flight response, and bodily functions like heart rate and breathing. This field investigates how our biology influences behavior and employs a combination of psychological and physiological research strategies. The fight-or-flight response is a critical survival mechanism that involves a series of physiological and behavioral responses enabling an individual to cope with threatening events.
Even in the modern world, where threats are often psychological rather than physical, our autonomic nervous system triggers this same survival response. The impact of this response on the body is extensive, preparing not only the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems but also affecting endocrine, metabolic, and immune functions.
Thus, the correct answer to the student's question is d. All of these, as biological psychology encompasses the study of the fight or flight response, heart rate and breathing, and the human brain—all of which are linked to the body's reaction to stress and survival.
Answer: d. All of these.