Final answer:
External forces altering the course of social change include technological innovations, environmental factors, and shifts in social norms.
Step-by-step explanation:
External forces that can push change in unplanned directions often involve complex interactions among various factors. Among these, some of the most impactful on social change are technological innovations, environmental shifts, and changes in social norms.
Technology profoundly impacts social structures and relationships. For example, advances in medical technology can increase population by enabling otherwise infertile individuals to have children. Similarly, developments in agriculture can transform the environment with genetically modified crops. Technology influences not just the material aspects of society but also the way we interact, communicate, and organize our lives.
Environmental factors such as climate change can give rise to new social movements, as seen with groups like Extinction Rebellion. Natural disasters, resource scarcities, and environmental degradation can also compel societies to adapt or transform.
Shifts in what society deems acceptable or desired can lead to significant social change. For instance, changes in attitudes toward cannabis have led to new social movements advocating for changes in legislation. These movements often arise in response to external disturbances, altering laws, policies, and social behavior.