Final answer:
The types of extrinsic motivation that result in more of a self-directed effort to work in safer ways are 'identified and integrated' according to self-determination theory. They align external activities with an individual's goals and values, creating a more autonomous form of motivation.
Step-by-step explanation:
Self-Determination Theory and Extrinsic Motivation
According to self-determination theory, forms of extrinsic motivation that result in more self-directed effort to work in safer ways fall under the categories of identified and integrated motivation. Both 'identified' and 'integrated' motivations involve a conscious valuation of the activity's relevance to one's own goals, values, or needs, thereby linking the activity to the self. Compared to more external forms of motivation, such as rewards or punishments, these internalized forms can sustain behavior in a way that feels more autonomous and authentic to the individual.
As an example, Carl mowing the yard for $20 each week would be seen as an extrinsic motivation because it is driven by an external reward. In terms of self-determination theory, if Carl began to see the value and importance of helping his neighbor beyond the monetary reward, his motivation may shift from being purely extrinsic to more identified or integrated, as it aligns with his personal values.
It is important to consider that extrinsic motivators can sometimes diminish intrinsic motivation, as seen with Odessa who loved baking but felt less inclined to bake after it became her job. Such a phenomenon is known as the overjustification effect. Therefore, fostering intrinsic motivation is also essential by ensuring a sense of control, respect, and belonging in learning environments, as seen in the different teaching styles experienced by Hakim.