Final answer:
Union membership in the United States is lower than in other countries due to different legal environments and cultural attitudes.
Step-by-step explanation:
Union management relationships in the United States differ from those in other countries due to various factors such as legal environment and cultural attitudes. One key difference is the lower union membership rates in the U.S. compared to many other high-income countries. This may be attributed to laws that are less conducive to union formation in the U.S., as seen in the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 which allowed workers to opt out of unions. In contrast, countries like France and Spain have higher union membership rates and broader influence on nonunion employees through union negotiations.