Final answer:
An If-then statement is the best term to describe a method showing the most likely outcome of an idea or argument using common sense, as it establishes a cause-and-effect relationship. Option B.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term that best describes a method showing the most likely outcome of an idea or argument using common sense is a If-then statement. This logical construct establishes a cause-and-effect relationship, and is useful in forming hypotheses that can be tested.
If-then statements are part of deductive reasoning and are used in various scenarios, such as scientific experiments, where a hypothesis can be formulated and tested with an if this... then that... approach. For instance, in a scientific context, you might say: If nitrogen levels are high in the river, then algae growth will likely increase.
This is an example of a conditional statement that can be empirically tested to help verify the hypothesis.
So Option B.