Final answer:
Fyodor Dostoevsky, part of the Russian intelligentsia, experienced exile and denounced his aristocracy due to the repressive Russian social system. Despite the intelligentsia's efforts for reform, including the Narodnik movement, the rigid social structure and oppression under the Tsarist autocracy stifled change, and discussing politics was a punishable offense.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Russian writer and philosopher who was offended by the Russian social system and denounced his aristocracy was Fyodor Dostoevsky. Dostoevsky was a part of the intelligentsia, a small class of educated and cultured individuals at the forefront of Russian literature and artistic creation. Despite his eventual conservative views, Dostoevsky experienced exile in Siberia as a young man for his involvement with a group discussing politically sensitive topics, a punishable offense at the time. Russia's 19th-century social structure was extremely rigid, with landowning nobles dominating society and stifling change. Efforts for reform were met with suspicion and hostility, exemplified by the failed Narodnik movement and the radical politics of figures like Mikhail Bakunin, who advocated for the complete destruction of the current social order in hopes of creating a socialist future.
During this era, discussing politics or advocating reform was enough to be exiled to Siberia, with the Russian Orthodox Church preaching total obedience to the authority of the Tsar. The difficult social conditions were further exacerbated by the Russian serfs' lack of education and oppression, making political discourse and the implementation of socialist ideas challenging. The attempts at revolution fueled by the Narodniks and the radical socialist ideas from people like Bakunin reveal the underlying tensions and the ongoing struggle against the repressive Tsarist autocracy in Russia.