Final answer:
Malcolm X's pre-1964 views were characterized by Black Nationalism and the belief in the use of violence in response to racial oppression, which contrasted with the nonviolent civil rights movement; after 1964, his views shifted towards inclusivity and political action.
Step-by-step explanation:
Prior to 1964, Malcolm X had distinct views shaped by his deep involvement with the Nation of Islam (NOI) and the teachings of Elijah Muhammad. Malcolm X advocated for Black Nationalism, emphasizing self-sufficiency and separation from White society. He believed in the inherent racism of White Americans, referring to them as "devils" and advocated for violence as a reasonable response to the violence faced by African Americans. This was in stark contrast to the nonviolent approach of the mainstream civil rights movement. After his pilgrimage to Mecca, Malcolm X's views evolved towards a more inclusive perspective, emphasizing that orthodox Islam preached racial equality, which shaped his new approach of either 'Ballots or bullets' to achieve African American empowerment