Final answer:
Egoism is considered arbitrary due to its inconsistent application, failure to universally promote the common good, and neglect of social cohesion and trust.
Step-by-step explanation:
Why is Egoism Arbitrary?
The claim that egoism is arbitrary stems from several critiques of its philosophical foundations. Firstly, ethical egoism, which posits that it is morally right to pursue one's own self-interest, is challenged by the notion that its application is inconsistent and lacks a universal moral foundation. For instance, egoism does not necessarily lead to a common good. According to Adam Smith, although the pursuit of self-interest might incidentally promote the good of others, this is not always the case. Conflicting interests, especially in situations of scarcity, can mean that one person's benefit is another's detriment.
Moreover, while the rational egoism argument suggests that actions are justified if they serve one's self-interest, it fails to consider the complexities of human interaction and the potential for conflicts between individual interests. In essence, the self-centered approach of egoism negates the cooperative social dynamics that are fundamental to human societies. Finally, psychological egoism, which suggests that all human actions are driven by self-interest, is often countered by evidence of altruistic behavior that does not directly benefit oneself, indicating that the assumption of inherent self-interest in all actions is overly simplistic and ignores the nuanced motivations behind human behavior.
The notion that egoism is arbitrary also reflects its limited appeal. Strong ethical egoism, which insists that individuals should always pursue their own greatest good, seems unappealing because it neglects the importance of mutual respect and trust, essential ingredients for social cohesion and interpersonal relationships. Therefore, while some arguments might suggest egoism could contribute to the common good under certain conditions, these instances do not provide a reliable moral guideline for behavior, rendering egoism a rather arbitrary stance.