Final answer:
When a hypothesis gives a low probability to an observation, it is viewed as evidence against the hypothesis. Scientific hypothesis testing involves predictions and observation alignment. A reliable hypothesis is one that is repeatedly validated by experiments.
Step-by-step explanation:
If a hypothesis confers a low probability on an observation, this can indeed be considered as evidence against the hypothesis. The process of hypothesis testing is based on making predictions and then observing whether actual observations align with these predictions.
To determine this, one might ask, "1. If my hypothesis is true, what would I expect to observe?" and "2. Does what I actually observe match what I predicted?". If the observation is significantly unlikely according to the hypothesis, this is an indication that the hypothesis may not be a good fit for explaining the phenomena or data at hand.
A hypothesis that is consistently refuted by the data must be reconsidered, and possibly modified or discarded. However, it is crucial to remember that in science, a single experiment's results do not necessarily confirm or conclusively falsify a hypothesis; repeated testing and evidence are required. A hypothesis gains credibility and is considered more robust as more experimental results agree with its predictions.