Final answer:
The self-sufficiency approach to development does not include openness to imports and exports.
Step-by-step explanation:
The self-sufficiency approach to development has included all of the following EXCEPT openness to imports and exports.
When countries adopt a self-sufficiency approach to development, they prioritize producing goods and services domestically instead of relying on imports. This approach aims to reduce dependence on foreign countries and promote domestic industries. However, successful economies have shown that keeping their economies open to both imports and exports is crucial for development.
For example, countries in Asia and elsewhere that have experienced rapid development have embraced international trade and maintained an open economy. This allows them to benefit from the exchange of goods, services, and ideas with other nations, leading to economic growth and the diversification of industries.