Final answer:
The gland described is the pancreas, which serves both exocrine and endocrine functions in the body.
Step-by-step explanation:
The gland being described as a spongy retroperitoneal gland located posteriorly to the greater curvature of the stomach is the pancreas. This organ is responsible for both exocrine functions, such as secreting digestive enzymes, and endocrine functions, including releasing hormones like insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. It extends transversely in the retroperitoneum and has a close relationship with other abdominal organs, ending with its tail at the hilum of the spleen.
The pancreas is crucial for digestion and glucose homeostasis. Its exocrine cells produce digestive enzymes that are transported to the duodenum to aid in the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The endocrine cells, found in the islets of Langerhans, release insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels.
Overall, the pancreas is a vital organ with dual functions, contributing significantly to both digestive and endocrine processes in the body.