Final answer:
An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence.
Step-by-step explanation:
An independent clause is a group of words that can stand alone as a sentence. It expresses a complete thought and includes a subject and a predicate. In this case, option B., "Because Jamal resigned", is not an example of an independent clause because it does not express a complete thought and relies on another clause to make sense. The other options (A., C., and D.) all express complete thoughts and are independent clauses.