Final answer:
The subject of this question is Law, and the correct option is Option 1: Before initiating any work on the equipment.
Step-by-step explanation:
The subject of this question is Law because it is discussing the authorization process for repairs and alterations. The question is asking about when repairs and alterations must be authorized by a competent person designated by the owner.
The correct option is Option 1: Before initiating any work on the equipment. All repairs and alterations must be authorized by a competent person before any work can be started.
For example, if a homeowner wants to make repairs to their house, they would need to get permission from the appropriate authorities, such as a building inspector, before starting the work.