Final answer:
The presidential tactic of "going public" has evolved with technological advancements, improving the president's ability to communicate with the public. This approach, while key to building political capital, is debated over its effectiveness, with some arguing it could polarize debate and hinder legislative success.
Step-by-step explanation:
The presidential tactic of "going public" refers to a president's attempt to appeal directly to the American public to garner support for policy initiatives, influence Congress, or defend against accusations. This tactic has evolved significantly with technological advances, allowing for more efficient communication. Presidents have used transportation and media advancements, from Woodrow Wilson's train tours and Franklin Roosevelt's use of radio for his fireside chats to modern presidents exploiting television, the Internet, and social media.
However, the effectiveness of going public has been debated among political scientists. Some argue that it polarizes political debate and complicates legislative success, as noted by George C. Edwards. Others acknowledge the tactic as a strategic adaptation in an age where mass media plays a pivotal role in shaping public opinion. Furthermore, presidents have shifted from broad national appeals to more targeted local approaches, focusing on persuadable audiences and strategic locations to maximize impact.
It's imperative to recognize that while "going public" can build the political capital necessary for a president to push forward with their agenda, this is not always the case. High public approval does not always translate to political power, and presidents must balance public appearances with direct negotiation and compromise with Congress to achieve policy goals, as suggested by the use of the "bully pulpit" by Theodore Roosevelt.