Final answer:
Rail transportation is the most cost-effective mode for shipping large amounts of bulk products over long distances, offering a balance between capacity and energy efficiency. It is a key part of global supply chains and is often chosen for maximizing efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
Step-by-step explanation:
The most cost-effective mode for shipping very large amounts of bulk products such as coal, sand, and lumber over long distances is b) Rail transportation. When considering the efficiency of different transportation methods, rail transport stands out for its ability to carry large volumes of goods with relatively low energy expenditure. Container shipping is also efficient for transporting heavy loads over long distances, particularly across seas, as large container ships can carry immense quantities of cargo in standardized containers. For instance, a typical ship traveling from Shanghai to Los Angeles can transport around 100,000 tons of cargo. However, when it comes to inland long-distance bulk transportation, rail is usually the preferred method.
Key factors to consider when choosing a mode of transportation include the energy efficiency per kilometer and the total energy expenditure given the distance and volume of the goods. Mass and speed significantly influence transportation efficiency. Rail often provides a balance between these factors by offering considerable capacity and moderate speeds. Global supply chains rely on varying modes of transportation, and rail is an integral part of this system.
Moreover, optimized shipping options, such as proximity to rail or water transport, can result in even more cost-effective transit solutions. For example, in the lumber industry, after processing logs into boards at sawmills near the source, rail can efficiently transport the neatly stacked lumber to markets. The modal choice is crucial in ensuring the profitability of shipping large quantities of bulk materials.