Final answer:
The principle of nonmaleficence means to do no harm, being a key ethical guideline in healthcare practices and research involving human subjects.
Step-by-step explanation:
The principle of nonmaleficence means a. To do no harm. It is a fundamental ethical guideline in medicine and healthcare, emphasizing that professionals should act in ways that do not cause harm to others. This is especially pertinent in clinical settings, where nonmaleficence requires that any potential harms are carefully considered and that patients are subjected only to those that are necessary for effective treatment. In research involving human subjects, the principle of nonmaleficence guides the design of studies to minimize harm to participants as much as possible.