Question

What is true regarding plaque?

a) Viral genetic material
b) Bacterial growth
c) Fungal infection
d) Parasitic replication

Answer 1

Plaque refers to bacterial growth on teeth, not to viruses. Viral replication introduces genetic variation into hosts, and glycoproteins play a role in virus attachment to host cells. The capsomere is composed of subunits called capsids. b) Bacterial growth

Step-by-step explanation:

Regarding plaque, bacterial growth is the correct answer, which means "b" is the accurate option. Plaque typically refers to the sticky biofilm that accumulates on teeth, which consists of a complex community of bacteria. It is not related to viral genetic material, fungal infection, or parasitic replication, which eliminates the other options provided.

When discussing viral replication and structure, it's important to differentiate between facts related to viruses and other microorganisms. For example, statement "d. Glycoproteins help the virus attach to the host cell" is true regarding virus structure. Also, the observation that bacteria of the genus Chlamydia can only survive as intracellular parasites supports the regressive viral origin hypothesis. Furthermore, it's crucial to note that not all viruses have DNA as their genetic material; some viruses have RNA instead.

During viral replication, genetic variation can result, which introduces genetic variation into the hosts, as stated in point 3.C.3. Moreover, it is correct that glycoproteins help the virus attach to the host cell, which is a key step in the viral replication cycle. Additionally, the capsomere is indeed made up of small protein subunits called capsids. On the topic of viral replication, the lytic cycle leads to the destruction of the host cell, while the lysogenic cycle integrates the viral DNA into the host's genome, which can remain dormant for a period before entering the lytic cycle.

Answer 2

Plaque in microbiology refers to bacterial growth (option b) that indicates viral infection in a bacterial culture. The regressive hypothesis of viral origin is supported by certain intracellular parasitic microbial species. Viral structure often includes glycoproteins for host cell attachment, and viral replication results in genetic variation.

Step-by-step explanation:

The question refers to plaque in the context of microbiology. The term plaque, when related to microbiology, often refers to a visible structure formed on the surface of solid media due to the replication of a virus within a bacterial lawn. Therefore, the correct answer to what plaque refers to is b) Bacterial growth, as it is a sign of viral infection in a bacterial culture. Viruses replicate by attaching to their host cells, inserting their genetic material, and hijacking the cell's machinery to produce new viruses, which can sometimes cause the formation of plaque.

Regarding the origin hypothesis of the genus Chlamydia, which are obligate intracellular parasites, this observation can support the regressive (b) hypothesis, suggesting that viruses may have once been more complex organisms that lost genetic information as they adapted to a parasitic lifestyle inside other cells.

The structure of viruses includes glycoproteins that help in attachment to the host cell (d. Glycoproteins help the virus attach to the host cell). The replication process of viruses leads to genetic variation, both in the viruses themselves and potentially in their hosts (3.C.3 Viral replication results in genetic variation).