Final answer:
The pathological approach to crime and deviance started with the work of Émile Durkheim and was expanded upon by others such as Robert Merton with his Strain Theory.
Step-by-step explanation:
The pathological approach to crime and deviance began with the work of iconic figures such as sociologist Émile Durkheim, who emphasized the essential nature of deviance in society. Durkheim's perspective is that deviance, including crime, is a natural and necessary part of society, serving the function of challenging existing norms and reaffirming societal values when it is punished. Sociologists like Robert Merton further explored these ideas, developing theories like Strain Theory, which suggests that crime occurs due to the societal pressure individuals feel when they cannot achieve culturally approved goals through legitimate means. Conflict theory, another key sociological framework addressing crime and deviance, is deeply rooted in Karl Marx's ideas about social inequality and the struggles between different social classes. This perspective posits that deviance and crime stem from structural tensions and disparities within society. It challenges functionalist perspectives by highlighting the role of power and economic inequalities in determining crime rates and the application of deviance labels.