Final answer:
In Linux systems, file and directory permissions are assigned using three components: owner, group, and others. Each category has three types of permissions: read, write, and execute.
Step-by-step explanation:
The three components used to assign file and directory permissions in Linux systems are owner, group, and others. Each file and directory has permissions that specify what actions the owner of the file, members of the file's group, and others can perform on it. Permissions are divided into three categories:
Read (r): The permission to view the contents of the file or directory.
Write (w): The permission to modify the contents of the file or directory.
Execute (x): The permission to execute a file or traverse/search a directory.
For example, a file with permissions set to rwxr-xr-- means that the owner has read, write, and execute permissions; the group has read and execute permissions; and others have only read permission.
Owner permissions: These permissions determine what actions the owner of the file or directory can perform. The owner can have read, write, and execute permissions.
Group permissions: These permissions determine what actions users who belong to the group associated with the file or directory can perform. The group can have read, write, and execute permissions.
Other permissions: These permissions determine what actions all other users on the system can perform. Other users can have read, write, and execute permissions.