Final answer:
Mendel's law of independent assortment describes how alleles for different genes segregate independently during the formation of haploid gametes in meiosis, allowing for multiple trait inheritance with every combination of alleles possible.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement that alleles of two different genes are randomly distributed into gametes during the formation of haploid cells summarizes Mendel's law of independent assortment. This law states that during gamete formation, the segregation of the alleles of any one gene is independent of the segregation of the alleles of any other gene.
The concept of independent assortment is crucial as it explains why the inheritance of one trait will generally not affect the inheritance of another unless the genes are linked (located close to each other on the same chromosome). Therefore, in a diploid organism during meiosis, every possible combination of alleles for every gene is equally likely to occur, leading to genetic diversity in the offspring. This law was illustrated by Mendel's dihybrid crosses, where he observed how different traits, such as seed color and texture, assorted independently in pea plant offspring.