Final answer:
Antiretroviral medications are provided to pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and infants to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV. These medications work by impeding the replication of the virus and must be taken consistently and as early as possible.
Step-by-step explanation:
HIV Medications for Pregnant Women, Breastfeeding Mothers, and Infants
Rates of mother-to-child transmission can be greatly reduced through the use of specific antiretroviral medications during various stages: pregnancy, breastfeeding, and early childhood. These medications work by inhibiting the replication of HIV, therefore decreasing viral load and reducing the risk of transmission.
Medications for Pregnant Women
Pregnant women are often given a combination of antiretroviral drugs, which may include zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC), and nevirapine, among others, as part of a highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen. These drugs help to keep the viral load low, thus reducing the chances of vertical transmission to the baby.
Medications for Breastfeeding Mothers
Mothers who are breastfeeding might continue their HAART regimen to prevent transmission through breast milk. However, where possible, substituting bottle feeding for breastfeeding is advised to eliminate the risk of transmission.
Medications for Infants of HIV Positive Mothers
Infants born to HIV-positive mothers typically receive a course of antiretroviral medication such as zidovudine (AZT) or nevirapine shortly after birth to further reduce the chance of infection.
It is essential to start these medications as early as possible and to take them consistently to maximize their effectiveness, decrease the risk of progressing to AIDS, and reduce the risk of transmission.